ການສຶກສາສະຫມອງ Neanderthal ສາມາດເປີດເຜີຍການດັດແປງພັນທຸກໍາທີ່ເຮັດໃຫ້ Neanderthal ປະເຊີນກັບການສູນພັນໃນຂະນະທີ່ພວກເຮົາກາຍເປັນມະນຸດເປັນຊະນິດທີ່ມີຊີວິດຢູ່ດົນນານ.
Neanderthals were a human species (called Neanderthal neanderthalensis) who evolved in ອາຊີ ແລະ ເອີຣົບ and coexisted for some part with current human beings (Homo Sapiens) who evolved in ອາຟຣິກາ. These encounters had led to human brings inheriting 2% of Neanderthal DNA and thus they are the closest ancient relatives to modern day humans. Neanderthals are last known to have existed about 130000 and 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals, commonly referred to as “cavemen” had a distinctive low long skull, wide nose, no prominent chin, large teeth and short but strong muscular body frame. Their distinctive characteristics are indicative of seeking a way for the body to conserve heat amidst the cold and harsh ສະພາບແວດລ້ອມ they lived in. Despite their primitive living conditions, they were very bright, talented and social humans with brain size larger than modern humans today. They were excellent hunters possessing skills, strength, courage and proficient communication skills. Even though they lived in challenging environments, they were tremendously resourceful. In fact, it is believed that there might have been a very narrow gap between Neanderthals and us humans in terms of behaviour and instincts. Fossil records show that they were carnivorous (though they also ate ເຫັດ), hunters and scavengers. It is still unclear if they had their own language, but complex dynamics in their lives does suggest that they communicated with each other using a language.
The Neanderthals are now extinct for 40,000 years, however, it’s still a mystery how a species which had survived for more than 350,000 years could face extinction. Some scientists have formulated that modern humans are responsible for extinction of Neanderthals since they may not have been able to survive ably with the competition in resources posed by early ancestors of modern humans. This must have also been aggravated by rapid change in climate conditions. Neanderthals did not all quickly disappeared but were replaced by modern humans gradually through local populations. Neanderthals are the most interesting part of human evolution which has intrigued scientists mostly because of close proximity of Neanderthals to modern day humans. And to support this ການຄົ້ນຄວ້າ, many objects and fossils, even full skeletons have been uncovered which demonstrate a glimpse of the life of Neanderthals.
ການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວສະຫມອງ Neanderthal ໃນຫ້ອງທົດລອງ
Researchers at University of California, San Diego are growing the Neanderthals miniature brains (resembling a cortex which is the outside layer of the ສະຫມອງ) of the size of a ‘pea’ in petri dishes in the laboratory. Each of this “pea” carry the gene NOVA1 of the ancestors and has about 400,000 cells. The goal of growing and analysing these ‘minibrains’ of Neanderthals is to shed light on small neural lumps which can tell us why this long-surviving species became extinct and what was the reason for modern day humans to instead conquer the ດາວ Earth. It is important to understand this because some modern-day humans do share 2% DNA with Neanderthals through breeding and at one point we coexisted with them. The comparison of genetic differences in the brain can shed maximum light on their demise and rapid increase of homo sapiens.
ເພື່ອເລີ່ມຕົ້ນການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຂອງ minibrain, ນັກຄົ້ນຄວ້າໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີຂອງຈຸລັງລໍາຕົ້ນທີ່ຈຸລັງລໍາຕົ້ນເລີ່ມກາຍເປັນອະໄວຍະວະຂອງສະຫມອງ (ອະໄວຍະວະຂະຫນາດນ້ອຍ) ໃນໄລຍະເວລາຫຼາຍເດືອນ. ໃນຂະຫນາດທີ່ເຕີບໃຫຍ່ເຕັມທີ່, organoids ເຫຼົ່ານີ້ວັດແທກ 0.2 ນິ້ວແລະເຫັນໄດ້ດ້ວຍຕາເປົ່າ. ຢ່າງໃດກໍ່ຕາມ, ການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຂອງພວກມັນຖືກຈໍາກັດເພາະວ່າພາຍໃຕ້ສະຖານະການຫ້ອງທົດລອງຍ້ອນວ່າພວກເຂົາບໍ່ໄດ້ຮັບການສະຫນອງເລືອດທີ່ຈໍາເປັນສໍາລັບພວກເຂົາທີ່ຈະເຕີບໂຕທັງຫມົດ. ດັ່ງນັ້ນ, ຈຸລັງ minibrain ໄດ້ຮັບສານອາຫານສໍາລັບການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວໂດຍຂະບວນການຂອງການແຜ່ກະຈາຍ. ມັນອາດຈະເປັນໄປໄດ້ທີ່ຈະຂະຫຍາຍພວກມັນຕື່ມອີກໂດຍບາງທີອາດມີການສ້າງເສັ້ນເລືອດທຽມທີ່ພິມ 3D ຢູ່ໃນພວກມັນເພື່ອໃຫ້ສາມາດພັດທະນາໄດ້, ເຊິ່ງເປັນສິ່ງທີ່ນັກຄົ້ນຄວ້າຢາກພະຍາຍາມ.
ຂັ້ນຕອນທໍາອິດເພື່ອປຽບທຽບສະຫມອງຂອງ Neanderthal ກັບຂອງພວກເຮົາ
ສະຫມອງ Neanderthal ແມ່ນໂຄງສ້າງຄ້າຍຄືທໍ່ທີ່ຍາວກວ່າເມື່ອທຽບກັບສະຫມອງທີ່ມີຮູບຮ່າງກົມຂອງມະນຸດ. ໃນວຽກງານພິເສດນີ້, ນັກຄົ້ນຄວ້າໄດ້ປຽບທຽບ genomes ທີ່ມີລໍາດັບເຕັມຂອງ Neanderthals ກັບມະນຸດທີ່ທັນສະໄຫມ. genome Neanderthal ໄດ້ຖືກຈັດລໍາດັບຫຼັງຈາກເອົາມັນມາຈາກກະດູກໃນຟອດຊິວທໍາທີ່ຖືກເປີດເຜີຍ. ຈໍານວນທັງຫມົດຂອງ 200 genes ສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງຢ່າງຫຼວງຫຼາຍແລະຈາກບັນຊີລາຍຊື່ນີ້ນັກຄົ້ນຄວ້າໄດ້ສຸມໃສ່ການ. NOVA 1 - ຕົວຄວບຄຸມການສະແດງອອກຂອງ gene ຕົ້ນສະບັບ. gene ນີ້ແມ່ນຄືກັນຢູ່ໃນມະນຸດແລະ Neanderthals ມີພຽງແຕ່ຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງເລັກນ້ອຍ (ຄູ່ພື້ນຖານ DNA ດຽວ). gene ໄດ້ຖືກເຫັນວ່າມີການສະແດງອອກສູງໃນການພັດທະນາ neurodevelopment ແລະໄດ້ຖືກເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ກັບສະພາບທາງ neural ຫຼາຍຢ່າງເຊັ່ນ: autism. ໃນການກວດກາທີ່ໃກ້ຊິດ, Neanderthal minibrains ມີການເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ຫນ້ອຍຫຼາຍລະຫວ່າງ neurons (ເອີ້ນວ່າ synapses) ກ່ວາປົກກະຕິແລະຍັງມີເຄືອຂ່າຍ neuronal ທີ່ແຕກຕ່າງກັນບາງຢ່າງທີ່ເບິ່ງຄືວ່າສະຫມອງຂອງມະນຸດທຸກທໍລະມານຈາກນັກຄົ້ນຄວ້າ autism ໄດ້ຄາດຄະເນ. ມັນເປັນໄປໄດ້ສູງທີ່ມະນຸດມີເຄືອຂ່າຍປະສາດທີ່ກ້າວໜ້າ ແລະມີຄວາມຊັບຊ້ອນກວ່າເມື່ອທຽບໃສ່ກັບ Neanderthals ເຊິ່ງເຮັດໃຫ້ພວກເຮົາຢູ່ລອດເໜືອພວກມັນ.
ການຄົ້ນຄວ້ານີ້ແມ່ນຢູ່ໃນຂັ້ນຕອນຕົ້ນຫຼາຍທີ່ຈະມາຮອດການສະຫລຸບ, ສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ແມ່ນຍ້ອນລັກສະນະຂອງການທົດລອງຄວບຄຸມ. ຂໍ້ຈໍາກັດທີ່ໃຫຍ່ທີ່ສຸດຂອງການສຶກສານີ້ແມ່ນວ່າ minibrains ດັ່ງກ່າວບໍ່ແມ່ນ "ສະຕິ" ຫຼື "ສະຫມອງເຕັມ" ແລະບໍ່ສາມາດສະຫນອງຮູບພາບທີ່ສົມບູນຂອງການເຮັດວຽກຂອງສະຫມອງຂອງຜູ້ໃຫຍ່. ຢ່າງໃດກໍຕາມ, ຖ້າພາກພື້ນຕ່າງໆຖືກປູກຢ່າງສໍາເລັດຜົນ, ພວກເຂົາສາມາດເຂົ້າກັນໄດ້ເພື່ອໃຫ້ມີຄວາມເຂົ້າໃຈທີ່ໃຫຍ່ກວ່າຂອງ "ຈິດໃຈ" ຂອງ Neanderthal. ນັກຄົ້ນຄວ້າຕ້ອງການທີ່ຈະຄົ້ນຫາເພີ່ມເຕີມກ່ຽວກັບຄວາມສາມາດຂອງສະຫມອງ Neanderthals ໃນການຮຽນຮູ້ສິ່ງຕ່າງໆແລະດັ່ງນັ້ນເຂົາເຈົ້າຈະພະຍາຍາມເອົາ minibrains ເຫຼົ່ານີ້ຢູ່ໃນຫຸ່ນຍົນແລະເຂົ້າໃຈສັນຍານ.
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{ທ່ານສາມາດອ່ານເອກະສານການຄົ້ນຄວ້າຕົ້ນສະບັບໄດ້ໂດຍການຄລິກທີ່ລິ້ງ DOI ທີ່ໃຫ້ໄວ້ຂ້າງລຸ່ມນີ້ໃນລາຍຊື່ແຫຼ່ງທີ່ອ້າງອີງ}
ແຫຼ່ງຂໍ້ມູນ (s)
Cohen J 2018. Neanderthal brain organoids ມາເຖິງຊີວິດ. ວິທະຍາສາດ. 360(6395).
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.360.6395.1284
