The word ‘robot’ evokes images of ມະນຸດ-like manmade metallic machine (humanoid) designed and programmed to automatically perform some tasks for us. However, robots (or bots) can be of any shape or size and can be made of any material (including biological materials such as living cells) depending on design and functional requirements. It may not have any physical form as in the case of Siri or Alexa. ຫຸ່ນຍົນແມ່ນສິ່ງປອມທີ່ຖືກອອກແບບຢ່າງສົມເຫດສົມຜົນ ຫຼືເຄື່ອງຈັກທີ່ສະແດງຄວາມເປັນເອກະລາດ ແລະເຮັດວຽກງານສະເພາະ.
Biological robots (or biobots) use living ຈຸລັງ or tissues as fabrication material. Like all robots, biobots also are programmable machines, display autonomy and perform specific tasks. These are a special class of active living and motile synthetic structures.
ແພຈຸລັງທີ່ມີຊີວິດ ຕໍ່ se, are not robots. They are parts of animals. The living ຈຸລັງ become robots when they are liberated from the normal constraints and programmed into desired form and function by artificially combining and shaping the cells to display specific behaviour.
xenobots ເປັນຊີວະພາບຊີວະພາບອັນທຳອິດທີ່ສ້າງຂຶ້ນໃນຫ້ອງທົດລອງໃນປີ 2020 ໂດຍໃຊ້ຈຸລັງໄຂ່ຈາກຕົວອ່ອນຂອງກົບຊະນິດໜຶ່ງທີ່ເອີ້ນວ່າ Xenopus laevis (ເພາະສະນັ້ນຊື່ Xenobots). ມັນເປັນການດໍາລົງຊີວິດຄັ້ງທໍາອິດ, ການສ້ອມແປງຕົນເອງ, replicating ອົງການຜະລິດດ້ວຍຕົນເອງ. ຈຸລັງທີ່ມີຊີວິດໄດ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ເປັນສິ່ງກໍ່ສ້າງທີ່ຖືກປົດປ່ອຍຈາກຂໍ້ຈໍາກັດປົກກະຕິຂອງ embryo ສ່ວນທີ່ເຫຼືອເພື່ອສ້າງຮູບແບບໃຫມ່ຂອງຊີວິດປອມທີ່ morphology ແລະລັກສະນະຕ່າງໆໄດ້ຖືກ "ອອກແບບ" ປອມ. ດັ່ງນັ້ນ Xenobot ແມ່ນສິ່ງມີຊີວິດສັງເຄາະ. ການພັດທະນາຂອງ Xenobots ສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນວ່າຈຸລັງທີ່ມາຈາກ embryo amphibian ສາມາດຖືກຕັ້ງໂຄງການໃຫ້ເປັນຮູບແບບທີ່ຕ້ອງການແລະຫນ້າທີ່ໂດຍການປົດປ່ອຍຂໍ້ຈໍາກັດທໍາມະຊາດ. ຢ່າງໃດກໍ່ຕາມ, ມັນບໍ່ໄດ້ເປັນທີ່ຮູ້ຈັກວ່າ biobots ສາມາດຖືກສ້າງຂື້ນຈາກຈຸລັງທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ນ amphibian ຫຼືຜູ້ໃຫຍ່.
Scientists have now reported successful construction of biobots using adult cells from non-embryonic ມະນຸດ tissue with capabilities beyond Xenobots. This biobot has been named ‘Anthrobots’ because of its ມະນຸດ ຕົ້ນກໍາເນີດ.
Since Xenobots were derived from amphibian embryonic cells by moulding cells individually, the research team began with testing if ability to give rise to biobots is limited to these amphibian cells or, other non-amphibian, non-embryonic adult cells also can generate biobots? Further, if the seed cells need to be necessarily sculpted individually to generate biobots or if coaxing of initial seed cells also can lead to self-construction of biobots? For this, instead of embryonic tissues, the researchers used adult, somatic cells derived from ມະນຸດ lung epithelium and were able to generate novel, multicellular, self- constructing, motile living structures without manual sculping or using any external form-giving machinery. The method used is scalable. Swarms of biobots in parallel were produced which moved via cilia- driven propulsion and lived for 45–60 days. Interestingly, it was also observed that Anthrobots moved across breaks in neuronal monolayers and induced efficient healing of defects in vitro.
ການສັງເຄາະຂອງ Anthrobots is significant because it demonstrates that plasticity of cells to give rise to biobots is not limited to embryonic or amphibian cells. It has shown that adult somatic ມະນຸດ wild cells without any genetic modification can form novel biobots without any external form-giving machinery.
Anthrobots ແມ່ນການປັບປຸງ Xenobots ແລະຄວາມກ້າວຫນ້າໃນເຕັກໂນໂລຢີທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງທີ່ມີຜົນກະທົບທີ່ສໍາຄັນຕໍ່ການຜະລິດແພຈຸລັງທີ່ສະລັບສັບຊ້ອນສໍາລັບການນໍາໃຊ້ທາງດ້ານການຊ່ວຍໃນການປິ່ນປົວ. ຢາຟື້ນຟູ. ໃນອະນາຄົດ, ມັນອາດຈະເປັນໄປໄດ້ທີ່ຈະຜະລິດ Anthrobots ສ່ວນບຸກຄົນສໍາລັບຄົນເຈັບແຕ່ລະຄົນແລະນໍາໃຊ້ພວກມັນຢູ່ໃນຮ່າງກາຍໂດຍບໍ່ມີການກະຕຸ້ນການຕອບສະຫນອງຂອງພູມຕ້ານທານ.
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ເອກະສານ:
- Blackiston D. et al 2023. ຫຸ່ນຍົນຊີວະພາບ: ທັດສະນະກ່ຽວກັບພາກສະຫນາມ Interdisciplinary ທີ່ກໍາລັງເກີດຂຶ້ນ. ຫຸ່ນຍົນອ່ອນ. ສິງຫາ 2023. 674-686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2022.0142
- Gumuskaya, G. et al 2023. Motile Living Biobots Self-Construct from Adult ມະນຸດ Somatic Progenitor Seed Cells. Advanced Science 2303575. published: 30 November 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202303575
- Tufts University 2023. News – Scientists Build Tiny Biological Robots from ມະນຸດ ເຊລ. https://now.tufts.edu/2023/11/30/scientists-build-tiny-biological-robots-human-cells
- Ebrahimkhani Mo.R. ແລະ Levin M., 2021. ເຄື່ອງໃຊ້ຊີວິດສັງເຄາະ: ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມໃໝ່ຂອງຊີວິດ. ທັດສະນະຂອງ iScience. ສະບັບທີ 24, ສະບັບທີ 5, 102505, ວັນທີ 21 ພຶດສະພາ 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102505
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